"Microprobing" ancient trade routes

This is an amazing example of interdisciplinary research that creates bridges linking archeology, metallurgy, economics and city-building. To quote from Fernand Braudel's classic "The Mediterranean" (who in turn is quoting a Venetian merchant in the 1600s):

"...precious metal, whether gold or silver is 'the sinews of all government, it gives it its pulse, its movement, its mind, soul and it is its essence and its very life ["l'esser et la vita"]....it carries with it the necessity of all things; without it all is weak and without movement."

Thanks again to Jane for this. (GW)

Canadian scientists using ancient coins to map trading routes

By Randy Boswell
Postmedia News
December 7, 2010

Canadian scientists probing the metal content of coins exchanged thousands of years ago have discovered a new way to map ancient trade patterns, to retrace economic ups and downs at the dawn of western civilization and even to shed new light on the collapse of the Roman Empire. Researchers at McMaster University in Hamilton are using nuclear radiation to identify changes in metal content among ancient Greek and Roman coins held in a world-class collection amassed at the university since the 1940s.

Canadian scientists probing the metal content of coins exchanged thousands of years ago in Mediterranean Europe have discovered a new way to map ancient trade patterns, to retrace economic ups and downs at the dawn of Western Civilization and even to shed new light on the collapse of the Roman Empire.

Researchers at McMaster University in Hamilton have launched a research project in which nuclear radiation is used to identify changes in metal content among ancient Greek and Roman coins held in a world-class collection amassed at the university since the 1940s.

"As we determine what the coins are made of, we are then able to reconstruct ancient trade routes, understand the development of economies and even determine the extent of counterfeiting," McMaster archeologist Spencer Pope states in a project summary issued Tuesday. "This research will help us link the archeological to the historical to understand how we, as a society, got to where we are today."

A joint project between the university's classics department and its department of medical physics and applied radiation sciences, the ancient coin initiative involves x-ray analysis and a "proton microprobe" to determine how much silver, bronze or gold is contained in each piece of money.

"We use multiple systems to look for a number of metals — gold, copper, silver — present in the outer layer of the coins," said radiation scientist Michael Farquharson. "Then we use the McMaster Nuclear Reactor to penetrate deeper into the coin to determine whether or not the coin was plated with a different material than it was actually made of."

Greater concentrations of tin, lead and other cheap metals in a coin can indicate its manufacture during a period of economic stress, inflated prices for more precious metals or low supplies of silver or bronze.

"For the Roman period, there are many crises that can be recognized in the numismatic record," said Pope, describing one "budget crunch" during Punic Wars of the 3rd century B.C., when Rome was battling Carthage — centered in present-day Tunisia — for control of the Mediterranean world.

"We can see metal coins begin to have more base metal — junk metal — added to 'debase' the coins," he noted. "As Rome and other cities fall into crises and get into economic trouble, more bronze coins appear (rather than silver), and even these are diluted by tin or lead."

Ideally, Pope said in an interview with Postmedia News, the research team will be able to achieve enough precision in its analysis to reliably identify the geographic sources of the metals for each coin and become a global centre of excellence for such investigations.

For example, he said, the silver mine on the Greek island of Siphons, located in the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey, was known to be a major metal source. There was another major mining operation near Athens.

Trace elements found in each coin can help researchers pinpoint its geographic and geological origins, said Pope, allowing the team to better understand where Greek city-states turned for metal supplies and how widely coins were circulated.

So far, about 20 coins have undergone a deep probe. There are plans for another 100-coin study to expand the database of information and begin drawing more detailed conclusions about the economy of the ancient world.

The research, said Pope, should help scholars "get at the heart of the development of the Greek city-state" and use findings about metal supplies to determine the degree of each city's economic self-sufficiency or whether it was "grasping at available resources."